Discuss the relevance of anthropological concepts, like 'spheres of Essay

Discuss the relevance of anthropological concepts, like 'spheres of exchange' - Essay Example Lastly, the essay will end with a conclusion, which sums up all the arguments and ideas discussed in the paper. Introduction Spheres of exchange refer to an anthropological concept, which entails the analysis of restrictions in trade and societies that share communal resources. In discussing spheres of exchange, the main focus is on whether principles of the market and economic theories can be considered as true in economies of all societies (Hart & Ortiz 1). This concept is based on the assumption that maximization of profit is what motivates all exchanges. All people have the sole motive to accumulate considerable profits when they engage in exchange. Therefore, the concept seeks to examine the economics behind any form of exchange in the society (Hart & Ortiz 1). Anthropologists examine this concept under economic anthropology. Based on this, the concept seeks to compare and analyze consumption, production, and exchange in societies not based in the west. In studying spheres of ex change, economic anthropologists have had two aims. One of the aims includes establishing economic activities based on the social and cultural context. The second aim entails understanding the rationality behind the systems of exchange, which seem irrational and unconventional (Hart & Ortiz 1). The anthropologists who studied spheres of exchange include Laura and Paul Bohannan; they studied this concept in their field work, in Nigeria. They provided three types of spheres: the subsistence sphere, wealth, and marriageable female relatives. The subsistence sphere consisted of food, such as grains, yams, vegetables, among others. Wealth comprised cattle, slaves, white cloth, and brass rods (Hart & Ortiz 3). Economic anthropologists Karl Polyani, Marcel Mauss, and Karl Marx have had an impact in the explanations of spheres of exchange. Polyani made a significant contribution through his comparison of economic institutions. His ideas outlined in Trade and Market in the Early Empires repr esent his beliefs. He argued that the economy of capitalistic societies is guided by values and not aim for profit (Hart & Ortiz 3). In his works, known as the gift, Mauss examines the exchange of gifts in various societies. He holds that gifts have a reciprocal nature since the receiver has an obligation to pay back what he or she got from the giver. Karl Marx made contributions in the field of anthropology through his dialectics and his arguments of social class. Neoliberal Globalization Neoliberal globalization entails efforts to remove barriers to trade and privatization of services as well as resources. The main objective of neoliberal globalization of the economy is to leave prices at the control of market forces. This tends to benefit a few in the society, while the majority suffers due to increased prices and unfavorable conditions in the market. Neo-liberalism and globalization develops within certain circumstances, which tend to be social and historical. Neo-liberalists ar gue that this concept is a law of nature. Anthropologists take globalization to mean the escalation in flows and improvement, in connections of people, values, goods, ideas, symbols, and knowledge (Hart & Ortiz 1). In anthropology, the term entails descriptions on how the market has prevailed. As a result, the economy became less dependent on political, social, and cultural forces. This has led to profound dominance of the market in

Data Collection And Analysis For India Coursework

Data Collection And Analysis For India - Coursework Example Recently, this gap has been realized and the officials are taking actions to rectify the situation. 40% of the investments made for the development of the railway system is expected to come from the private sector. There are few Public-Private-Partnership programs that have initiated the developmental programs in this sector. New railway routes for cargo trains have been placed between Mumbai and Delhi; Delhi and Kolkata so as to bridge the distance in trade. The metro railways are also developed in order to increase satisfaction and convenience of passengers.Indian roads are congested, which is mainly due to increase in a number of vehicles over years. The annual growth is recorded to be 12% and 10%. The Indian government has estimated that $90 billion is required for improving roads and highways of the country. Several projects are planned via the National Highway Development Program (NHDP), which anticipates expanding roadway to around 13,000 km. The highways have helped to reduce traffic congestion (ProceWaterHouseCopopers, 2014; Equitymaster Agora Research Private Limited, 2014). Telecommunication sector in India is built around few segments such as USOF, licensing, FDI, spectrum, security and consumer affordability. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was the most renowned telecom provider in the Indian market. The company had obtained a large market share in the telecom industry, but the emergence of a number of private companies like, Airtel and Vodafone, had threatened the existence of BSNL.

The Hands Of The Blacks Essay Example for Free

The Hands Of The Blacks Essay CAN‘T REMEMBER NOW HOW WE GOT ONTO THE SUBJECT, BUT ONE DAY TEACHER SAID THAT THE PALMS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS WERE MUCH LIGHTER THAN THE REST OF THEIR BODIES BECAUSE ONLY FEW CENTURIES AGO THEY WALKED AROUND ON ALL FOURS, LIKE WILD ANIMALS, SO THEIR PALMS WEREN’T EXPOSED TO THE SUN, WHICH MADE THE REST OF THEIR BODIES DARKER AND DARKER. I THOUGHT OF THIS WHEN FATHER CRISTIANO TOLD US AFTER CATHECHISM THAT WE WERE ABSOLUTELY HOPELESS, AND THAT EVEN THE BLACKS WERE BETTER THAN US, AND HE WENT BACK TO THIS THINGS ABOUT THEIR HANDS BEING LIGHTER, AND SAID IT WAS LIKE THAT BECAUSE THEY ALWAYS WENT ABOUT THEIR HANDS FOLDED TOGETHER, PRAYING IN SECRET. I THOUGHT THIS WAS SO FUNNY, THIS THING OF THE BLACK HANDS BEING SO LIGHTER, THAT YOU SHOULD SEE ME NOW- I DON‘T LET GO OF ANYONE, WHOEVER THEY ARE, UNTIL THEY TELL ME WHY THEY THINK THAT THE PALMS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS ARE LIGHTER. DONA DORES, FOR INSTANCE TOLD ME THAT GOD MADE THEIR HANDS LIGHTER LIKE THAT SO THEY WOULDN’T DIRTY THE FOOD THAT THEY MADE FOR THEIR MASTERS, OR ANYTHING ELSE THAT THEY WERE ORDERED TO DO THAT HAD TO BE KEPT QUITE CLEAN. SENHOR ANTUNES, THE COCA COLA MAN, WHO ONLY COMES TO THE VILLAGE NOW AND AGAIN WHEN ALL THE COKES IN THE CANTINA HAVE BEEN SOLD, SAID TO ME THAT EVERYTHING I HAD BEEN TOLD WAS A LOT OF BALONEY. OF COURSE I DON‘T KNOW IF IT WAS REALLY, BUT HE ASSURED ME IT WAS. AFTER I SAID YES, ALL RIGHT, IT WAS BALONEY, THEN HE TOLD ME WHAT HE KNEW ABOUT THIS THINGS OF THE BLACK‘S HANDS. IT WAS LIKE THIS: -LONG AGO, MANY YEARS AGO, GOD, OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, THE VIRGIN MARY, ST. PETER, MANY OTHER SAINTS, ALL THE ANGELS WERE IN HEAVEN THEN, AND SOME OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAD DIED AND GONE TO HEAVEN- THEY ALL HAD A MEETING AND DECIDED TO MAKE BLACKS. DO YOU KNOW HOW? THEY GOT HOLD OF SOME CLAY AND PRESSED IT INTO SOME SECOND- HAND MOULDS. AND TO BAKE THEM OF THE CREATURES, THEY TOOK THEM TO HEAVENLY KILNS. BECAUSE THEY WERE IN A HURRY AND THERE WAS NO ROOM NEXT TO THE 3RE, THEY HUNG THEM IN THE CHIMNEYS. SMOKE, SMOKE, SMOKE- AND THERE YOU HAVE THEM, BLACK AS COALS. AND NOW DO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY THEIR HANDS STAYED WHITE? BECAUSE THEIR HANDS ARE TIED. WHEN HE HAD TOLD ME THIS SENHOR ANTUNES AND THE OTHER MEN WHO WERE AROUND US WERE VERY PLEASED AND THEN ALL BURST OUT LAUGHING. THAT VERY SAME DAY, SENHOR FRIAS CALLED ME AFTER SENHOR ANTUNES HAD GONE AWAY, AND TOLD ME EVERYTHING I HAD HEARD FROM THEM THERE HAD BEEN JUST PACK OF LIES. REALLY AND TRULY, WHAT HE KNEW ABOUT THE BLACK‘S HANDS WAS RIGHT, THAT GOD 3NISHED MAKING MEN AND TOLD THEM TO BATHE IN A LAKE IN HEAVEN. AFTER BATHING THE PEOPLE WERE NICE AND WHITE. THE BLACKS, WELL, THEY WERE MADE VERY EARLY IN THE MORNING, AND AT THIS HOUR THE WATER IN THE LAKE WAS VERY COLD, SO THEY ONLY WET THE PALMS OF THEIR HANDS AND THE SOLES OF THEIR FEET BEFORE DRESSING AND COMING INTO THE WORLD. BUT I READ IN A BOOK THAT HAPPENED TO MENTION IT, THAT THE BLACK HANDS ARE LIGHTER LIKE THIS BECAUSE THEY SPENT THEIR LIVES BENT OVER, GATHERING THE WHITE COTTONS OF VIRGINIA AND I DON‘T KNOW WHERE ELSE. OF COURSE, DONA ESTIFANIA DID NOT AGREE WHEN I TOLD HER THIS. ACCORDING TO HER, IT‘S ONLY BECAUSE THEIR HANDS BECAME BLEACHED WITH ALL THAT WASHING. WELL, I DON‘T KNOW WHAT TO THINK ABOUT ALL THESE, BUT THE TRUTH IS THAT NO MATTER HOW CALLOUSED AND CRACKED THEY MAYBE, A BLACK‘S HAND ARE ALWAYS LIGHTER THAN ALL THE REST OF HIM. AND THAT‘S THAT! MY MOTHER IS THE ONLY ONE WHO MUST BE RIGHT ABOUT THIS QUESTION OF A BLACK‘S HANDS BEING LIGHTER THAN THE REST OF HIS BODY. ON THE DAY THAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT IT, I WAS TELLING HER WHAT I KNOW ABOUT THE QUESTION, AND SHE JUST COULD NOT STOP LAUGHING. WHAT I THOUGHT WAS STRANGE WAS THAT SHE DID NOT TELL ME AT ONCE WHAT SHE THOUGHT ABOUT ALL THIS, AND SHE ONLY ANSWERED ME WHEN SHE WAS SURE THAT I WOULD NOT GET TIRED OF BOTHERING HER ABOUT IT. AND EVEN THEN SHE WAS CRYING AND CLUTCHING HERSELF AROUND THE STOMACH THAT HAD LAUGH SO MUCH THAT IT WAS QUITE UNBEARABLE. WHAT SHE SAID WAS MORE OR LESS THIS: ? GOD MADE BLACKS BECAUSE THEY HAD TO BE. THEY HAD TO BE, MY SON. HE THOUGHT THEY REALLY HAD TO BE†¦AFTERWARDS, HE REGRETTED HAVING MADE THEM BECAUSE OTHER MEN LAUGHED AT THEM AND TOOK THEM O9 TO THEIR HOMES AND PUT THEM TO SERVE AS SLAVES OR NOT MUCH BETTER. BUT BECAUSE HE COULD NOT MAKE THEM ALL BE WHITE, FOR THOSE WHO WERE USED TO SEEING BLACKS WOULD COMPLAIN, HE MADE IT SO THAT THE PALMS WOULD EXACTLY LIKE THE PALMS OF OTHER MEN. AND DO YOU KNOW WHY THAT WAS? OF COURSE, YOU DON‘T KNOW, AND IT‘S NOT SURPRISING, BECAUSE MANY, MANY PEOPLE DON‘T KNOW. WELL, LISTEN: IT WAS TO SHOW THAT WHAT MEN DO IS ONLY THE WORK OF MEN†¦THAT WHAT MEN DO IS DONE BY HANDS THAT ARE THE SAME HANDS OF PEOPLE WHO, IF THEY HAD ANY SENSE, WOULD KNOW THAT BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE THEY ARE MEN. HE MUST BE THINKING OF THIS WHEN HE MADE THE HANDS OF THE BLACKS BE THE SAME AS THE HANDS OF THOSE MEN WHO THANK GOD THEY ARE NOT BLACK! AFTER TELLING ME ALL THIS, MY MOTHER KISSED MY HANDS. AS I RAN O9 INTO THE YARD TO PLAY BALL, I THOUGHT THAT I HAD NEVER SEEN A PERSON CRY SO MUCH WHEN NOBODY HAD HIT THEM.

Computer Implementation in Learning Environments :: Technology Technological Essays

Computer Implementation in Learning Environments Abstract This paper seeks to analyze the current research and reports on computer implementation in learning environments. The three articles discussed come from Annual Editions—Computers in Education 04/05, 11th edition, edited by J. Hirschbuhl and D. Bishop (2004). For analysis are the proposals of investing in e-learning in higher education, more effective use of computers through initiation, implementation, and institutionalization, and improving student/computer interaction through the use of computer tutor programs. This paper concludes with some suggestions for the practice and implementation of the aforementioned strategies and/or programs, and highlights for educators the most relevant points made by these articles on the topic of computer implementation in learning environments. Computer Implementation Analysis in Learning Environments Computers as a form of technology are assisting daily the advancement of various societal fields, from business, to science, to education. This particular innovation in technology has literally taken the world by storm and countless authors and experts are continually determining its effects on our society. Indeed, newspapers, educational journals, and even the evening news are each eager to report the successes and failures of technology in education. In this paper, I will analyze three articles on the subject of computer implementation in learning environments. I will seek to summarize the main points for computer technology use in education and conclude with the authors’ suggestions for practicing technology in these learning environments. Each of the analyzed articles can be found in Annual Editions—Computers in Education 04/05, Eleventh Edition edited by J. Hirschbuhl and D. Bishop. The first article, Investing in Digital Resources (McArthur, 2002), seeks to define educational technology and its related vocabulary, outline reasons for planning e-learning, and describe the necessary steps for implementation, chiefly in respect to higher education. McArthur (2002) states, â€Å"it no longer makes sense to debate whether e-learning should be accepted or rejected—either in individual schools or by higher education as a whole—just as it is no longer reasonable to consider spurning the Web in business or at home.† He defines various e-learning options, such as web displayed, web enhanced, hybrid, and on-line, and maintains that, â€Å"none of these e-learning options necessarily diminishes the role of the instructor in learning and teaching† (McArthur, 2002). The defense for e-learning is that it provides an environment where students can easily and flexibly shape and own their learning (McArthur, 2002).

My Own Interpretation of Mandela’s 8 Lessons in Leaders

That is why I also wanted to share to you Mandela’s 8 lessons of Leadership: 1. Courage is not the absence of fear — it’s inspiring others to move beyond it In tackling life’s challenges, you must face fear head-on and find the guts that you may not falter when life is giving you a hard time. There are people who wanted to see you fall and you must find courage to stand up to them. Having courage does not mean being reckless or stupid but rather it means to hold your head up, look them in the eye. Do the right thing even when you stand alone and it eventually will pay off in the end 2. Lead from the front — but don’t leave your base behind Hey, it’s great to be a leader, right? There are privileges like less work for you and more work for your subordinates and get the credit from the efforts of your colleagues-NO, this is a very wrong notion. They will never respect you as a leader if you lead them an iron fist. What’s the point of being a leader if no one will follow you? Move with the principle that others matter as well and do what’s best for your group, not just you. Be honest and fair. Work hard. Play hard. Do your homework. Know what you are talking about and they will follow. Don’t ever mistake arrogance and intelligence for the same thing for they are quite different. Life will eventually teach you humility if your ego will swell up. 3. Lead from the back — and let others believe they are in front Sometimes, it’s kind of nice to take a few steps back and let others lead as well while you still lead them. Why not? Give others opportunity to prove themselves that they are capable to lead and let them discover their potentials too. Maybe you could even learn a thing or two from them. Not all great ideas come from one brain but rather a group of brains. When they eventually get off-track, you’re still there to guide them back like a shepherd guiding a lost sheep. 4. Know your enemy — and learn about his favorite sport Truth is you cannot please everybody and there are some people would not favor you leading them. That irritates you, doesn’t it? Often, the people who anger us most in life are more like us than we’d like to admit. Don’t ignore them. Get to know them. Find out what makes them tick. Maybe they just want your attention. Maybe they just want a duty. Give them something to do for change. See how they fare. Now, at some point, you may need to cut your losses and move on down the road. However, you may inadvertently find out your enemy is all of a sudden your good friend. 5. Keep your friends close — and your rivals even closer You’re not alone and there leaders like you as well but with different personalities, capabilities, and leaderships styles. Some of these leaders may agree to you and favor your leadership skills but there are other does not. Still, it is not wrong to have a little healthy competition and learn to appreciate what life gives you because not all life is easy. Again, you have to be strong and be firm for the people who follow you. When things go out of hand, always use diplomacy. 6. Appearances matter — and remember to smile Love yourself first before others. How can you serve other people when you could not serve yourself right? Appearances really do matter especially if you’re a student nurse rendering service to your patient. If your patient sees that you could not take care of yourself, he/she will have second thoughts or doubts in cooperating with you. Being neat and clean will give you an edge. Remember to smile because this stuff is contagious. When you clumsily tripped yourself, you should make a fast recovery with grace and smile because they want strong leaders who could recover fast from a tragic fall and continue the service. SMILE! 7. Nothing is black or white Life could be a burden sometimes when you have to make a decision, either it is small or big because not all of your decisions would favor the entire public and there always consequences. When that happens, first of all pray, it helps to meditate and ask for guidance from above and then think for a solution, it always works. Listen to all sides of the story before making rash decisions. All decisions especially a leader’s decision should be think through. Sleep on it if you must. Don’t let emotions cloud your judgment. This is a very common to student nurses during RLE: when in doubt, don’t or ask your clinical instructor about it, it always works, try it they won’t bite†¦sometimes. 8. Quitting is leading too I flinched when I heard this one but I tend to like it. It is cliche to say: â€Å"do not ever give up, try and try until you succeed, and quitting is for losers† but what if you run out of ideas, too tired to hold on, groping for answers in the dark and hopelessly praying for â€Å"give me more TIME†. Why not tomorrow? Hey, there are always tomorrow right? Don’t tire yourself you’re only human. If you sense that you’re losing a battle, sound a retreat, let your army rest and fight for another day, maybe your enemy needs a rest too you know. Sometimes in life doesn’t work out. Just step back and take a deep breath. Move on and do something else or the alternative. Don’t squander your life in the boulevard of broken dreams, just move on the other side of the road to start anew. A life of good leaders revolves around success and failure all the time. But just learn to accept what God has given you and learn to appreciate it. Do not dwell on failures but move on. Leaders experience too many sufferings and trials in order to strive for excellent service his/her fellows but it will be compensated with the achievements and recognitions he/she earned. The pieces of paper and awards on the wall are important. But they are not nearly as important as the journey you make and the people you meet along the way. CARPE DIEM!

The Explicit Oppression, And Societal Disadvantages...

The explicit oppression, and societal disadvantages experienced by racial and ethnic minorities in the United States are those that are a product of past racism and discriminatory practices based on prejudice towards the collective minority groups. Although many of the explicit discriminatory practices based on race are frowned upon in the U.S. today, that does not suggest that they do not still exist. The racism of contemporary times has only shifted form and is used against minorities in the form of institutionalized and societal racist practices. The maintenance as well as protection of the white supremacy is the key driver behind past and contemporary forms of racism and discrimination. In Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of†¦show more content†¦At the time of slavery, in order to create this process, whites used phenotypical differences between blacks and whites to dehumanize and make blacks seem inferior to whites. Some of these examples of the degradation of bla cks based on phenotype are the differences in genitalia â€Å"observed† by white scientists and used to explain blacks as being sexually deviant, meaning they were a threat to the maintenance of white supremacy. This logic of slavery for blacks still holds true today but just in a different form. This being in the form of institutionalized practices of racism; which mimic slavery in that they are a method of putting the black race at a disadvantage and creating profit from them.. In The Strange Enigma of Race in Contemporary America by Bonilla-Silva indicated that the racist practices of today that put primarily blacks at disadvantage, have shifted away from the overt slavery/Jim Crow styles of racism, and have shifted to a new racial ideology that Bonilla-Silva calls color-blind racism. Bonilla-Silva writes, â€Å"...Instead whites rationalize minorities contemporary status as the product of market dynamics, naturally occurring phenomena, and blacks’ imputed cultural limitations (pg.2).† Overall meaning that today,Show MoreRelatedSociological Event Analysis : Michael Brown2123 Words   |  9 Pagesevents of the day that led to Michael Brown s death. It does, however, illustrate how Brown was raised in a society where black men are suspect, where systematic inequalities in education and economic difficulties have formed intergenerational disadvantage. â€Å"The need for greater vigilance in assessing the specific ways in which social values and attitudes affect professional behavior is clearly indicated† (Brandt, 1978, p. 27). 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Strategic Planning For The Future Of A Company - 1261 Words

Management can best be defined as the process of achieving a goal effectively and efficiently through the delegation of people and resources. The major criteria that managers must employ to attain these goals are planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. By far, the most essential of these functions remains planning. Planning is the process of deciding what objectives to pursue in the future, and how those objectives will be attained. Planning plays an integral role in the long-term future of a company. If managers did not plan ahead, the organizing, staffing, leading and controlling elements would be unnecessary, because the company would have no goals to reach. Planning consists of translating an organization’s mission into reasonable objectives. The organizations purpose is first expressed as the mission statement. Then using this mission, the strategic planning begins, followed by tactical and operational planning respectively. These derived goals need to be SMART –specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, and have target dates. Strategic planning involves only the top-level managers, tactical planning involves only the middle managers, and the operational planning involves first-line mangers. Planning is a process that should engage people of all levels of management. Actively involving everyone will bring in a wealth of ideas, providing more options to chose from. Keeping the team engaged will build a sense of camaraderie making everyone feelShow MoreRelatedPlanning And Strategic Decision Making1606 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning and strategic decision making should be integrated within the management of corporat ions in today’s society of technological advancement. With the changes in the global marketplace and increased competition from expanding third-world economies, companies are having to rethink their competitive strategies. 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